Introduction
Candice Millard’s Destiny of the Republic is a gripping historical narrative that intertwines political drama, medical history, and the tragic assassination of James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States. Published in 2012, this meticulously researched book provides an insightful look into the extraordinary life of Garfield, the circumstances surrounding his assassination, and the medical failures that ultimately led to his death. Millard’s storytelling prowess transforms what could have been a dry historical account into a compelling and emotionally charged narrative.
The Life and Presidency of James A. Garfield
One of the most remarkable aspects of this book is its in-depth exploration of James A. Garfield’s life. Millard presents Garfield not just as a political figure but as a self-made man of intelligence and integrity. Rising from poverty to become a Civil War general, a respected congressman, and eventually an unintentional presidential candidate, Garfield was a leader who never actively sought the presidency. His reluctance to enter the political fray, coupled with his dedication to education and public service, makes his story particularly fascinating.
Garfield’s presidency, though brief, was marked by significant challenges, including political factionalism and the contentious issue of civil service reform. Millard effectively conveys the political climate of the time, particularly the influence of party patronage and the struggles between the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds within the Republican Party.
The Assassin: Charles J. Guiteau
The book introduces Charles J. Guiteau, Garfield’s assassin, as a delusional and mentally unstable man. Guiteau believed he was owed a government position as a reward for his minor campaign contributions and writings. When his expectations were not met, his frustration grew into a murderous obsession. Millard delves deeply into Guiteau’s background, providing insight into his erratic behavior, his history of failed endeavors, and his religious delusions, which he used to justify his actions.
Unlike many historical accounts that merely present Guiteau as an unhinged lunatic, Millard offers a nuanced portrayal of his mental state, making a strong case that he suffered from severe mental illness. His trial, filled with bizarre outbursts and self-aggrandizing declarations, underscores the period’s lack of understanding and treatment of mental illness.
Medical Malpractice and Garfield’s Suffering
One of the most heart-wrenching aspects of Destiny of the Republic is its exploration of the medical treatment Garfield received after being shot. Modern readers will be shocked to learn that the bullet wound itself was not fatal; rather, it was the unsanitary medical practices of the time that led to Garfield’s slow and agonizing demise.
Millard vividly describes how doctors, led by Dr. D. Willard Bliss, rejected antiseptic techniques that were already gaining acceptance in Europe. Instead of allowing the wound to heal naturally, Bliss and his team repeatedly probed Garfield’s wound with unsterilized hands and instruments, introducing deadly infections. The book makes a strong argument that Garfield could have survived had his doctors adhered to the medical advancements pioneered by Joseph Lister.
The Role of Alexander Graham Bell
Adding another layer of intrigue, the book details the involvement of Alexander Graham Bell, who attempted to save Garfield using an early version of a metal detector. Bell’s device was meant to locate the bullet lodged inside the president’s body, but his efforts were thwarted by the stubbornness of Garfield’s doctors, who insisted on searching only one area of the body—where they erroneously believed the bullet was located.
Millard seamlessly integrates Bell’s contributions into the larger narrative, illustrating how science and medicine were on the cusp of great advancements, even as outdated practices persisted.
The National Mourning and Aftermath
Garfield’s prolonged suffering and eventual death in September 1881 led to an outpouring of national grief. The public’s reaction to his death, as well as the trial and execution of Guiteau, is well-documented in the book. The assassination ultimately served as a catalyst for civil service reform, leading to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which aimed to curb the corrupt spoils system that had plagued American politics.
Writing Style and Narrative Strengths
One of Millard’s greatest strengths as a historian and writer is her ability to craft a compelling, fast-paced narrative. Despite the historical subject matter, Destiny of the Republic reads like a novel, filled with suspense, vivid characterizations, and emotional depth. She masterfully weaves together multiple storylines—Garfield’s rise to power, Guiteau’s descent into madness, the medical community’s resistance to change, and Bell’s scientific ingenuity—into a cohesive and engaging tale.
Millard’s prose is both informative and accessible, making the book appealing to a wide audience. Whether one is a history enthusiast or a casual reader, the book offers an immersive experience that brings late 19th-century America to life.
Conclusion
Destiny of the Republic is more than just a book about an assassination; it is a poignant examination of an era defined by political strife, medical ignorance, and scientific ambition. Candice Millard’s meticulous research and exceptional storytelling make this book a must-read for anyone interested in American history, presidential biographies, or medical history.
By shedding light on Garfield’s remarkable life, the tragic circumstances of his death, and the broader implications of the assassination, Millard has created a work that is both enlightening and deeply moving. Destiny of the Republic is a testament to the power of history when told through the lens of great storytelling.
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